Which cellular process in animals is primarily influenced by ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

Protein synthesis is the cellular process primarily influenced by ribonucleic acid (RNA) in animals. RNA plays a pivotal role in translating genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins, which are essential for numerous cellular functions.

During protein synthesis, messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes the genetic code from DNA and transports this information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, where proteins are assembled. Transfer RNA (tRNA) then brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes, where the genetic code is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, ultimately forming a functional protein. This process is fundamental since proteins serve as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules, thus playing critical roles in growth, immune responses, and overall cellular function.

The other processes mentioned do not primarily depend on RNA in the same way. For instance, cell division mainly involves various proteins and enzymes that facilitate the replication of DNA and the segregation of chromosomes. Metabolism encompasses the biochemical reactions in the body, which involve enzymes (often proteins) but does not directly involve RNA. Gene replication, while related to DNA and involves RNA in certain regulatory roles, is mainly a process involving DNA polymerases and other factors rather than RNA itself as the primary influencer. Thus, protein synthesis is distinctly